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  -2024

  



( )

:    :100

:          ,          

            

-

1.     :

()      

()   

()      

()    

2.             

 

-

3.        

4.      ?          

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-

5.          

6.         

-

7.              

8.          

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  -2024

  



( )

:    :100

:          ,          

            

-

1.     :

()      

()   

()      

()    

:          ,     

                 ,  

         ,  ,       

                 , 

  ,              ,  

            

()      

    "   "   ,        

       ;            

""      "" ()  "" ()   , 

   "  "

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               ,  

,                :  

 ?     ?     ?       

;            , 

  —         

              :

1. –    ,       : 

 ?     ?    ?       

           

2.        :    ,    ?  

      ?   ?      , 

     

3. –    ,    ,       

                 

     

4.  –               

             

      

 ,          , ,     

         ,   , 

     

()   

     , " "         

,   ,             , 

 :            ?

         :

1.             

   ,       ,      

        ,          

        ,      

2.           

  ,                

              ,

                

,    

Easy2Siksha.com

3.        ,     ,    

            "  ?"  "   ?"

          ,    

   ,    -       



4.              

            ,  -

               

  

5.      –         

  -      ,      

            ,  

-    

 ,        —   ,  

                  

   ,  -       

()      

     ,            

   ,                 

 ,        —  ,      

    

 ,         :

1.        ,       

    , ,        

   ,    ,         

 

2.    ,   -    ,

   ,           ,

    , "      ?"      

  ,      , "        

  "

3.              

            ,  

 ,   ,     ,    -

            ,   

    -        

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4.            

     ,          

              

,             , 

         

 ,            , -   

       ,       

        ,          

()    

 ,           , ,    

        ,      ,  

   

          :

1.       :       ?     ,

    ,     ?   , ,

             

 

2.   -           

,              

        ,         

             

3.   -           "" 

""              ,

    ,    ,     

 

4.   -   ,          

         ,      ,  

               

  ;           

5.     –          

                  

  ,                

 ,          

   ,              

   ,                

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:   

               :

•     ,  ,        

 

•          ,    

 ,      ,        

•         ,          

    

•          ,       

          

    ,             , 

  ,             

     ,          -

  ,         

 ,           ,    

   ,             

  ,            

 -            ,    

    ,     ,       

    ,         ,  

           ,     

2.             

 

:          

  

            : "  ?"   ,  , 

            — ,  ,   

  —   ?   ,  ""    ,   

  ,      

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 ,                 ,

  ?       ?       

  ?     -    ,      

    

     

  ,        —   ,    

                  

 :

•     (   )   (   )?

•         ?

•            ?

                   



1.    

         

•   ,    ,            

                

 

•         ,       

      ,          

 

   ,   ,       

 

:          :  ; 

    

2.    

                  

    

•   ,   ,         "" ,  

     

•       -      -   

 

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   ,  ,     

:        :      

      

3.     

         

•                 

      ,    

•       :    ,   ,

    

   ,    -     

      :   ("  

")    

4.      ()

       :     

•  (-)        ""      (,

 ,  ,   , )     

•       -    ,    

 

    ;               



:           :   

        

5.     

   ,   (   )          

 

•     ( )  ( )  



•    ,       ()      

   -  

 :   ,       

Easy2Siksha.com

  ,   :  ;  



6.    

                



•             —

        ,     

• :          ,      

  —  "" 

 :         

:    :    ;      

          ?

7.    

-             

•   ,           -      

 

•   ,  ()     ,     

   

            

:             :   

       

8.    

              

•   "" ()  "" (    - , ,   ) 

  

•         :     ,   

        

 :  ,  ,       

:             : - 

,        

Easy2Siksha.com

   

•          

•        

•           

•          

•        

        : , ,  , ,

  

  

           -    :

•      

•              

•         

•           

•           

•            

•                

 ,   -      -         

   



              -

   :      ,   ,   ,    

  

  ,             

                  

  —      ,   ,  

      

 ,    “  ?”       ,      -

         

Easy2Siksha.com

-

3.        

:      , , 



      

          - ,      

             ,    

        —,    —  ,

 ,                 ,

               ,   

,         ,         

             ,    

  ,      —     ,  

           ;  ,    

        ,   ,     

:       

        ,         

  

1.    

               

         ,           

:               

, ,       ,           

                 

               

      ,            ,

      ,           

      , "            

—   "

            ,     

             —,  

—    ,       ,     

    ,          ,     

      -    ,  

     

2.    

Easy2Siksha.com

            

          ;      ,

              

       

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,        

1789                

       "         " 

 ,       ,          

          ,        

           ,  1948 

    (UDHR),         , 

    ,               

       ;        

3.   

              

   ,             

,           ,      

     

      ?     -    

               ,   

 ,          ,    

                 

   ,       

4.     

           ;   

               : 

  ,     ,           

    

              , 

      ,           

          ,       

    ,             

,   

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     

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5.    

                ,

                  

   ,         —   

    -       ,    

      :   ,      

        ,         

  ,               ,  

         

6.      

             : 

         ?       

   ,          

               

     ,           

        ,       —

          -       

7.      

              ,

 ,       ,   :  

     ?       ,     

   ?

 ,             ,

                  

          ;   ,    

            

8.       

                 ;

                  

 ,          ,  

          ,    

       

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                

      —,     ,   

                ,  

   ,          ,     

 

        ,   ,  , ,

                

 ,            , 

  ,               

    ,    ,    , ,    

       

 ,       ;          

                  

 ,    ,          

  ,        ,       

                  

  

4.      ?          

: : ,       

  

                    ,

          ,   

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   , 

         ,      ,   

 

         ,       ,    

     ,              

 ,         ?

   

  ,      

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           , 

   :

Easy2Siksha.com

•       ,       -   

•       ,  ,      



•    (   )    (, 

    )   

 ,       ,         

    

    ?

•             

•          ,   

       

•         ,     

-     

   

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  1945    ,      

       

        -      -     

    

1.     

     :       ,    



•           

 

•      ()      

     

•    :         

 

               

                  

 

2. 

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    

   

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        

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    

      

Easy2Siksha.com

•  

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 :          

• 



 :      ,    

•       ,      

     



      ,  

           

3.      

        -      ( 

)

•          ,    

   

•          ,      



               

    -   

4.    

              

 

•    



  ,        



•             

•               

    

                  

 ,         

5.    

              

•            ,   

    

• -II     ,        

•   -: ,          

   

6.    

Easy2Siksha.com

     

•    ,     

•           

•  :           

     “      ”     

     

7.     

      ,           



•  :         

•  ,           

•               

           

8.      

      -       

•            

•    ,        

•   :    ,   

       ,        -  -

                

     

• 



    



         

•   ,     

•  :      

•            

           -      

 

  

              —    

     ,             

      ,    

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         ,     



         — ,    

        ,  

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 , , 

,  , ,          

  ,        ;        

  ,      

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,     

 ,               , 

   ,   ,           

  : "          ;      

 ,    ,   ,     "

-

5.          

:    : ,      

              , ,  

               ,    

        -,  -, -    

      ;        ,   , 

                 

   ,   ,           

  

          ,    ""  ""   ,

               ,   

                   ;

           ,  

     

   ,   ,     -      

                ,  

                    

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 :   ,      ,      

         , -    

    

    , ,          

  ,           ,   

           ,     

     ,             

     

 ,          ,    

             ,     

                 

    ,                

 

    

      ,         "" 

    ""  "",            

,                   

,                 

  

        ;           

   ,               ,   

                  

,   ,                

      ,          

        —      ,  

              ,     

     ,              

    ,           ,    

      

     

        ,         15

 16       ,      -    

Easy2Siksha.com

    ,            

                   

     ,            

 

         ,     —  ,

       —           ,

           ,       

                    

,              

    

 

  ,          ,   

            ,      

               ,  

                  

                 , 

,         

 -              

        ,       , 

           —, , —

                

  ,             

   

 ,              

,      ,        

 ,             

    

             — 

      ,          

         ,     

,              

 

Easy2Siksha.com

 ,            , ,  



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    ,          ,   

 ,     ,        

 

 ,             

,                

 ,             

 ,              

 

      ,           

  ,            

             , ,  

              

              

     ,            , 

     ,          

       —        

          ,       

 



     -     ;       

                 ,

,               

      ,         

    

    ,          

        ,        

     ,            

                 

  ,          

 ,                 

          — ,    

Easy2Siksha.com

           ,       

    ,           ,  

   

6.         

:     

  

         —  

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    , 

      ,            

     ,      ,    

     ,            

  ,        

     ;         

              ,  

     ,          , 

          

:   

  

     '' () + '' ()         "" 

          ,       

 ;      ,        

•    ,       

•   ,          

•         

 

       :

•       ,           

•   ,          

•              

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       ,        

        

   

1.               

             

2.          ,   

   

3.            -    

     

4.              ,

   -      

:    1930      ,      

               

         

:   

  

                 : 

()   (  )  ,     "     "

 "-"

              ,

  ,   —          



  

1. :  ;         

2.    ;       

3. - ()         

4.   :              

 

   

1.               

 

2.                

         

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3.        ,    

    

4.         ,  -

     

 (1917)     ,       

               -

  ,             

 

      

         

•   ;    

•         

•         

 ,         -         



   ,        

    ;         

  

1.        

                  

             

2.   

                    

   

3.   

      ,       :

•              

•              

Easy2Siksha.com

4.  

            ,      

  ,      

   

•               

•              , 

     

•  ,             ,   

        

  

                  

                   

                  

  ,        



              

       ,    ,   ,       

               

     

        ,    : "     

 ,   "     ;        

           ,    —   

,      

-

7.              

:          ,       

         , , -,  ,    

            ,     

,            ,    

  -   —   , -      , 

   ,  ,  —           

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        ,    ,        

     ?        

   ?

 ,                    

, , , , -,            

                —

                   ,  

         

   "  "           

          ,        

           ,      

     ,      

              :

•  . (1871),     ,     " 

       , , , , , -

                "

•  20        "   

      ,        ,   

            ,     

  "

           ;      

  - ,         

    

     ,            :

1.     :      ,   ,

,           

2.      :       ;  ,  

   

3.    :, -,         

      

4.    :      ,     

,              

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5.     :            

       ,      

    

   

        ,         

                 , 

    ,   ,   -   

            

1. 

                 

              , -,      

   :

• 



        ;  



 ,    

  

•       ,          

    

• ,              

    

     ,     ,        

    ,              

     

2. 

                  

     , ,           

                 —

      

  ,          ,         

  ,            

      

  ,              

  ,          

3. 

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                  

               :

• :  -  ,         

• :    ,      

• :       ,    

 

                    -

           ,       

   

4. 

, ,                  

,              :  

  ?      ?   ?

  :

•             

•          ,    

   

•   ,           

  

         ,        

5. 

               ,    

          ,      

  

  :

•                

•   ,         

    

           ,      

  

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6. -  

-                

         , ,     -

    

•         ,      

•                 

     

                

7.       

                

 , ,             ,

      

•             

  

•               

• ,           

                  

     

8.  

           ,      

          :

• :, ,         

• :,         

• : ,       

• : ,         

• / :        



                

      

9.   

, ,              

,               

Easy2Siksha.com

•  ,             

•     ,      

             ,   

    

:        

      ,            ,

     ,  -   , ,  

        ,         

   ,     ,        

      ,           

  

             —     

 ,              

       ,            

     

 ,              ,   

,                 

 

 :

 

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  

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  -/

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   /

               ,    

          

Easy2Siksha.com

8.          

:      

  

               ,   

   —        ,   , 

            —   

     ,         ,    

         ;          ,  

     ,         ,     

    

   

        ,    " "     -

 — , , -, , , ,    

•   :       ,      -  

,              

•     :          ;    

    

•   :             

   , ,  ,    ,   

     

  

       ,    ""   

       ,   , , ,  

     

•   :    , ,        

•   :  ,       

•   :                

  

      ,   ,   , 

       

       

Easy2Siksha.com

,         :



 





 , , , ,



    

 

 

, , 

, , 

 



  ?

   ?



, , , , -



, , , 





     

 

      



 

   

   



 , , 

, , , 

     

      ,        

•             -     

   

•             -     

  

    ()    ,    , 

  ( )   ,        ,    

       ,          

   

 

1.      

               ,   

         

2.   

            ,     

 ,         

3.    

Easy2Siksha.com

                 

    ,           ,   

     

  

             

•        ,  ,       

 

•        ,    ,     

        ,           

         ,        ,   

        -  ,        

   

•    ,   ,     ,  

  

• :    ,   ,     

  

         -    ( )  ,

   ()    

    

1.             ,  

          

2.       ,       

,       

3.           ,     

          



              ,    

 ;  ,      

•        -   

•        -   

     ,   -         

  ,           

Easy2Siksha.com

 ,                  

       —    ,        

  

"               

     ,     "